Crowley was invited to write a long (10,000 word plus) essay surveying the history of the uses of the poster in Eastern Europe under communist rule. This essay will appear in a major volume exploring the history of Communist Posters featuring the work of leading historians of propaganda. Crowley’s essay examines not only forms of official propaganda but also the design and circulation of anti-communist posters produced during periods of high tension such as the Prague Spring and the ‘Carnival of Revolution’ in Poland in 1980-1. It is based on interviews with designers active in the period as well as research in the major poster archives/collections in Budapest and Warsaw. Its originality lies in both its wide geographical range (comparing the historical uses of the poster in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and the former Yugoslavia) as well as its arguments about the formation of counter-publics in the Eastern Boc. Crowley’s research into the history of the poster in Eastern Europe also appeared in a major exhibition entitled The Poster Remediated which he curated as the fiftieth anniversary exhibition of the Warsaw International Poster Biennale. Communist Posters will appear in spring 2017